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Collective redundancies constitute a specific procedure for terminating employment relationships, involving numerous obligations on the part of the employer as well as specific rights for employees. This procedure applies where the reasons for workforce reductions do not relate to employees personally, but instead arise from decisions or circumstances on the employer’s side.   When do […]

Cybersecurity is no longer solely an IT or compliance issue. With the implementation of the NIS2 Directive, responsibility for information security has become a matter of direct management oversight, with potential personal consequences for members of management bodies.   The amendment to the Polish National Cybersecurity System Act (KSC) implements Directive (EU) 2022/2555 (NIS2), adopted

The amendment to the Polish Code of Civil Procedure, which enters into force on 1 March 2026, introduces significant changes to the way powers of attorney are granted and submitted in civil proceedings. Electronic powers of attorney become a formally permissible and legally equivalent alternative to paper documents, marking an important step in the continued

On September 12, 2025, the Data Act (Regulation (EU) 2023/2854) came into effect, aiming to harmonize rules regarding data access and use throughout the European Union. This regulation introduces significant changes that may greatly impact the functioning of many companies, especially in the sectors of new technologies, IoT, and digital services.   Nature and Objectives

In today’s business environment, information forms the foundation of a company’s operations, particularly when it concerns key know-how, development plans, marketing strategies, innovative technologies, or commercial terms. Such data represent an essential corporate asset whose protection is a top priority in relations with partners, contractors, or potential investors. The key instrument safeguarding this information is

Commercial Proxy — Definition and Legal Characteristics   A commercial proxy is a special type of power of attorney under Polish law. It may be granted only by an entrepreneur registered in CEiDG or KRS. By granting a commercial proxy, the entrepreneur authorizes the proxy holder to act on their behalf in both judicial and

Who Is the Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO)?   The Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) is a natural person who exercises actual, direct or indirect control over a company – most often by holding at least 25% of shares or voting rights, or by exerting a decisive influence on the company’s strategic decisions. The definition also covers

The introduction of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) marks one of the most significant regulatory developments in recent years, fundamentally affecting how companies in Poland design, deploy, and use AI systems. Effective from February 2, 2025, the AI Act establishes uniform rules across the EU to ensure safety, transparency, and accountability in

Selling an online store is becoming increasingly common in the fast-growing e-commerce sector. The Polish online retail market continues to grow at an annual rate of 10–20%, with online shopping becoming the norm in sectors such as fashion, electronics, cosmetics, and healthcare. More and more entrepreneurs are choosing to sell their e-commerce businesses – whether to exit the

In June 2025, a U.S. federal court in San Francisco issued a landmark ruling on the legality of training artificial intelligence (AI) models on books without the authors’ consent. The case concerned Anthropic, a company that used legally purchased books to train its AI model, Claude. The court held that such use falls within the