Krystyna Siwicka

Commercial Proxy — Definition and Legal Characteristics   A commercial proxy is a special type of power of attorney under Polish law. It may be granted only by an entrepreneur registered in CEiDG or KRS. By granting a commercial proxy, the entrepreneur authorizes the proxy holder to act on their behalf in both judicial and […]

Who Is the Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO)?   The Ultimate Beneficial Owner (UBO) is a natural person who exercises actual, direct or indirect control over a company – most often by holding at least 25% of shares or voting rights, or by exerting a decisive influence on the company’s strategic decisions. The definition also covers

The introduction of the European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) marks one of the most significant regulatory developments in recent years, fundamentally affecting how companies in Poland design, deploy, and use AI systems. Effective from February 2, 2025, the AI Act establishes uniform rules across the EU to ensure safety, transparency, and accountability in

Selling an online store is becoming increasingly common in the fast-growing e-commerce sector. The Polish online retail market continues to grow at an annual rate of 10–20%, with online shopping becoming the norm in sectors such as fashion, electronics, cosmetics, and healthcare. More and more entrepreneurs are choosing to sell their e-commerce businesses – whether to exit the

In June 2025, a U.S. federal court in San Francisco issued a landmark ruling on the legality of training artificial intelligence (AI) models on books without the authors’ consent. The case concerned Anthropic, a company that used legally purchased books to train its AI model, Claude. The court held that such use falls within the

What is a Management Contract?   A management contract is an increasingly popular type of civil law agreement, under which an entrepreneur entrusts the management of the company or its specific division to a qualified and experienced individual. This contract serves as an alternative to a traditional employment contract, offering the manager greater flexibility in

The conversion of a sole proprietorship (jednoosobowa działalność gospodarcza, JDG) into a limited liability company (spółka z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, sp. z o.o.) has gained popularity in recent years. Increasingly, individual entrepreneurs consider this step to protect personal assets, optimize tax burdens, and enhance business credibility.   This article examines the benefits and risks of converting

The e-commerce industry in Poland and across the European Union has become an integral part of everyday life and modern business. With the rapid growth of online trade and digital technologies, ensuring digital accessibility of services and products for people with disabilities is becoming essential.   On 26 June 2025, the Polish law on the

Starting your own business is a significant step that requires not only a good idea and commitment but also adequate financial support. For many aspiring entrepreneurs, securing initial funding to realize their business plans is a key challenge.   Grants for starting a business – what you need to know?   A business grant is

In today’s competitive business environment, brand protection is essential for success. Trademark registration is not merely a formality-it is a strategic step that safeguards the uniqueness and recognition of your company. A properly registered trademark delivers tangible benefits to businesses, translating into enhanced security and sustainable growth.   Key Benefits of Trademark Registration   Exclusive